Sources:

  • TPU v1: In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit. 2017.
  • TPU v2, v3: A Domain Specific Supercomputer for Training Deep Neural Networks.
  • AI Chips: Google TPU
  • HotChips 2019 Tutorial Cloud TPU: Codesigning Architecture and Infrastructure

Many architects believe that major improvements in cost-energy-performance must now come from domain-specific hardware.

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Sources:

  • Adjrej Karpathy's video Building makemore Part 4: Becoming a Backprop Ninja.
  • Paper: Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift
  • PyTorch: BatchNorm1d
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Sources:

  • UWashington: CSE378, Lecture11
  • UWashington: CSE378, Lecture12

Note: the assembly code in this article can be MIPS or RISCV. This shouldn't be consufusing since the only big difference between them is that MIPS add a $ before the name of each register:

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# MIPS:
add $t0, $t1, $t2 # add values in $t1 and $t2, the result is stored in $t0

# RISC-V
add t0, t1, t2 # add values in t1 and t2, the result is stored in t0
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Sources:

  • UWashington: CSE378, Lecture12

Note: the assembly code in this article can be MIPS or RISCV. This shouldn't be consufusing since the only big difference between them is that MIPS add a $ before the name of each register:

1
2
3
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5
# MIPS:
add $t0, $t1, $t2 # add values in $t1 and $t2, the result is stored in $t0

# RISC-V
add t0, t1, t2 # add values in t1 and t2, the result is stored in t0
Read more »

Sources:

  1. --> Gymnasium github repo
  2. --> Documentation

Gymnasium is the successsor of the famous OpenAI Gym library. It's highly recommended to move to gymnasium since gym is not being maintained.

Gymnasium is maintained by the Farama Foundation, an open-Sources nonprofit foundation.

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