In the previous post, we introduced TD learning algorithms. At that time, all state/action values were represented by tables. This is inefficient for handling large state or action spaces.

In this post, we will use the function approximation method for TD learning. It is also where artificial neural networks are incorporated into reinforcement learning as function approximators.

Sources:

  1. Shiyu Zhao. Chapter 8: Value Function Approximation. Mathematical Foundations of Reinforcement Learning.
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Sources:

  1. B. P. Lathi & Roger Green. (2018). Chapter 7: Continuous-Time Signal Analysis: The Fourier Transform. Signal Processing and Linear Systems (3nd ed., pp. 701-720). Oxford University Press.

For a quick reference table, see Wikipedia page on the Fourier transform.

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