In Python, a metaclass creates and defines the behavior of other classes, since classes themselves are objects.

Sources:

  1. Demystifying Python Metaclasses: Understanding and Harnessing the Power of Custom Class Creation
  2. Python Metaclasses by John Sturtz.
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Sources:

  • TPU v1: In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit. 2017.
  • TPU v2, v3: A Domain Specific Supercomputer for Training Deep Neural Networks.
  • AI Chips: Google TPU
  • HotChips 2019 Tutorial Cloud TPU: Codesigning Architecture and Infrastructure

Many architects believe that major improvements in cost-energy-performance must now come from domain-specific hardware.

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Sources:

  • Adjrej Karpathy's video Building makemore Part 4: Becoming a Backprop Ninja.
  • Paper: Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift
  • PyTorch: BatchNorm1d
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